请问“Grant Proposal"怎么翻译啊？

1. 请问“Grant Proposal"怎么翻译啊？

根据grant proposal的内容来看，有点类似我们的“开题报告”

2. 怎样写一篇好的RESEARCH PROPOSAL

每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal的写作。它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。 

How to write a research proposal? 

能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。但形式也很重要。英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源] 

文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下： 

Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher. 

A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study. 

Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it. 

The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound. 

The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling. 

This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas. 

TITLE: 

It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal. 

ABSTRACT: 

It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used. 

INTRODUCTION: 

The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing. 

If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident. 

Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas. 

However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance. 

The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements: 

1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study. 
2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance. 
3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing. 
4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research. 
5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study. 
6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.) 
7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus. 
8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.) 

LITERATURE REVIEW: 

Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature. 

The literature review serves several important functions: 

1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”. 
2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research. 
3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem. 
4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question. 
5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information. 
6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature. 
7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research. 
8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature). 

Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems: 

* Lacking organization and structure 
* Lacking focus, unity and coherence 
* Being repetitive and verbose 
* Failing to cite influential papers 
* Failing to keep up with recent developments 
* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers 
* Citing irrelevant or trivial references 
* Depending too much on secondary sources 

Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal. 

There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc. 

It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.) 

METHODS: 

The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project. 

The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study. 

You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question. 

Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method. 

Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.) 

For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections: 

1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose? 
2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use? 
3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable? 
4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?

3. Grant Reviewer怎么翻译

授予校对人

4. 这里的grant如何翻译

关于能量传输电气化拨款预先批准的电子邮件通知 

grant [ɡrɑ:nt, ɡrænt]
基本翻译
n. 授予物；拨款
vt. 授予；承认；允许
vi. 同意
网络释义
grant:批准|补助金|拨款
Hugh Grant:休·格兰特|休-格兰特|休葛兰
capital grant:非经常补助金|非经常拨款|建设补助金

5. ambitious和 aproach搭配应该如何翻译

可以的。
类似的：In 1998 he wrote an ambitious grant proposal that outlined software for a robotic vision system.

1998年，他提出一份雄心勃勃的方案，概述了机器人视觉系统的软体。

6. proposal 和propose作为建议将的区别

“proposal”和“propose”作为建议的区别是两者的词性不同。前者是名词，后者是动词。
proposal [prə'pəʊz(ə)l] 
n. 提议，建议；求婚
短语：
The proposal 假结婚 ; 爱情限时签 ; 求婚的恶魔 ; 弄假成真
research proposal 研究计划 ; 研究计划书 ; 开题报告 ; 研究提案
marriage proposal 求婚
Republican Proposal 共和提案
budget proposal 财政预算案建议 ; 拟议预算 ; 预算草案 ; [会计] 概算
句子：
1、We assented to her proposal. 
对她的建议我们表示同意。
2、They reacted against my proposal. 
他们反对我的建议。
3、You can not possibly make an all-embracing proposal. 
你不可能提出一个包罗万象的建议。
propose [prə'pəʊz]
vt. 建议；打算，计划；求婚
vi. 建议；求婚；打算
短语：
propose to someone 向某人求婚  
propose a toast 敬酒；举杯
propose someone for 推荐某人(参加某组织)；提名某人(任某职)  
propose to do 建议做...
句子：
1、What do you propose we do? 
你建议我们做什么?
2、We propose an early start tomorrow. 
我们打算明天早早出发。
3、That is why in this blog post, I would like to propose something to every designer: Why not try todesign something every day for one year? 
这也是这篇博客发表的原因，我希望建议每一个设计师：为什么不试试一年之中每天都来做点儿设计？

7. 在detection 方向上object proposal中文翻译什么意思

object proposal
对象方案

8. 【高分】跪求study proposal的翻译

研究计划

研究计划不超过600字，需要表达以下内容：
1、简要表述计划的背景
2、具体研究的专业领域
3、清晰并简要地表达你通过这一阶段的研究想达到的目标
4、说明你为了开展你研究所依据的理论
5、说明如何能够实现你的研究计划。可以是通过展览、循序渐进场地仔细勘察、公共活动、印刷出版物、屏幕展示，或是展览的方式

计划的写作结构如下：
一、简介
1、详细介绍研究或项目的阶段，表明你在这个专业领域掌握的历史知识和当代现状了解。
2、特别说明计划所涉及的具体领域或事件

二、研究规划
简要描述你想要研究达到的实践、理论和虚拟研究结果。这将使你的研究计划完善并且成型，对于研究规划至关重要。例如，详细描述你需要收集的事实。表述相关的决策、当你需要向该领域专家咨询时可以提出的问题，但是在这一领域的建议和支持将由你的课程导师作出。这一阶段虽然没有支持材料，但是在研究计划的最后应该写明。

三、评价
评价你的研究成果。可以写在这一阶段任何你能够评价出的结论。

四、答谢词
答谢协助你研究的人以及借助的设备

五、研究来源
你曾经为了开展研究而参观过的图书馆、博物馆、画廊和特别的展馆

六、参考书目
列出相关文件残料，保留全部参考书目的原件记录和文件材料。列出适当的阅读书目。

七、附件
列明你认为与研究相关的但非核心部分的附加材料。包括笔记、草图和附加研究材料。