剑桥大学创建史

1. 剑桥大学创建史

创建于1209年的剑桥大学,经过近600年的发展,到18世纪末期仍然是一所以绅士子弟为招生对象、以为教会和政府培养人才为宗旨、以古典学科为主要教学内容、剑桥大学的发展历程 
一、剑桥大学的创建时期（13世纪初～1546年） 
二、剑桥大学的发展时期（1570年～18世纪中期） 
三、剑桥大学的变革时期（18世纪后期～19世纪70年代） 
四、剑桥大学的繁荣时期（19世纪后期～20世纪末）

2. 剑桥大学哪年建立

剑桥大学（University of Cambridge）成立于1209年，最早是由一批为躲避殴斗而从牛津大学逃离出来的学者建立的。亨利三世国王在1231年授予剑桥教学垄断权。剑桥大学和牛津大学（University of Oxford）齐名为英国的两所最优秀的大学，被合称为“Oxbridge”。是世界十大学府之一，73位诺贝尔奖得主出自此校。剑桥大学还是英国的名校联盟“罗素集团”（Russell Group of Universities）和欧洲的大学联盟科英布拉集团（Coimbra Group）的成员。现任校长是艾利森·理查德。

剑桥大学所处的剑桥(Cambridge)是一个拥有10万居民的英格兰小镇，距英国首都伦敦不到100千米，这个小镇有一条河流穿过，被命名为“剑河”（River Cam，也译作“康河”），早在公元前43年，古罗马士兵就驻扎在剑河边，后来还在剑河上建起了一座大桥，这样，河名和桥加住一起，就构成了剑桥这一地名。绝大多数的学院、研究所、图书馆和实验室都在这个镇上，此外还有20多所教堂。

剑桥大学有35个学院，有三个女子学院，两个专门的研究生院，各学院历史背景不同，实行独特的学院制，风格各异的35所学院经济上自负盈亏；剑桥大学负责生源规划和教学工作，各学院内部录取步骤各异，每个学院在某种程度上就像一个微型大学，有自己的校规校纪。剑桥大学的第一所学院彼得学院于1284年建立，其他的学院在14和15世纪陆续建立。

剑桥大学的许多地方保留着中世纪以来的风貌，到处可见几百年来不断按原样精心维修的古城建筑，许多校舍的门廊、墙壁上仍然装饰着古朴庄严的塑像和印章，高大的染色玻璃窗像一幅幅瑰丽的画面。剑桥大学有教师(教授、副教授、讲师)1,000余名，另外还有1,000余名访问学者。剑桥大学共有学生16,900名，其中包括6,935名研究生，72%的研究生来自其它大学，研究生中42%是国外留学生，女生占36%。大学校长为女王丈夫菲历普亲王(他同时兼任牛津大学校长)，设一名常务副校长主持日常工作。

剑桥大学的学生参与多种业余活动，其中划船是最流行的体育运动，剑桥大学各学院间经常比赛，而且剑桥大学每年都会与牛津大学举行划船比赛。各学院间还举行其他各种体育比赛，包括橄榄球、板球、国际象棋等。

该大学在世界品牌实验室（World Brand Lab）编制的2006年度《世界品牌500强》排行榜中名列第五十九。

3. 英国剑桥大学成立剑桥联合会是在哪一年

英国剑桥大学成立剑桥联合会的时间是1993年。                    扩展资料                      英国剑桥大学成立剑桥联合会的'时间是1993年，英国剑桥大学的宗旨是增进剑桥当地华人的信息交流与发展协作，所以剑桥中国学联是仅组织，工作，协调人员已超百人。

4. 英国剑桥大学培养了那些名人？

中国作家肖乾、叶君健、徐志摩等

世界  包括60多位诺贝尔奖的获得者，三任英国首相。著名学者和名人中，有凯恩斯经济学派的创始人凯恩斯，有数学家和分析哲学的创始人罗素，传记家和评论家史特拉赛，短篇小说家福斯特，生物化学家和科学史家李约瑟、中国学者蔡翘、赵忠尧、王竹溪、华罗庚、戴文赛、王应睐、伍连德、丁文江、曹天钦等，。印度前任总理尼赫鲁、拉吉夫·甘地，马来西亚前总理赫曼，新加坡前总理李光耀等都是剑桥校友。剑桥的名人是难以枚举的。

5. 英国剑桥大学何时建校？

学校概述 

剑桥大学成立于1209年，是世界十大学府之一，73位诺贝尔奖得主出自此校。剑桥大学位于风景秀丽的剑桥镇，著名的康河横贯其间。剑桥大学有35个学院，有三个女子学院，两个专门的研究生院，各学院历史背景不同，实行独特的学院制，风格各异的35所学院经济上自负盈亏；剑桥大学负责生源规划和教学工作，各学院内部录取步骤各异，每个学院在某种程度上就像一个微型大学，有自己的校规校纪。 

剑桥的许多地方保留着中世纪以来的风貌，到处可见几百年来不断按原样精心维修的古城建筑，许多校舍的门廊、墙壁上仍然装饰着古朴庄严的塑像和印章，高大的染色玻璃窗像一幅幅瑰丽的画面。剑桥大学有教师(教授、副教授、讲师)1,000余名，另外还有1,000余名访问学者。剑桥大学共有学生16,900名，其中包括6,935名研究生，72%的研究生来自其它大学，研究生中42%是国外留学生，女生占36%。大学校长为女王丈夫菲历普亲王(他同时兼任牛津大学校长)，设一名常务副校长主持日常工作。

6. 剑桥大学出的最有名的人是

王家及政界 

国王爱德华七世，丹麦女王玛格丽特(Margarethe)，威尔士亲王查尔斯，爱德华王子，护国公(Lord Protector)奥利佛·克伦威尔(剑桥本地人，于1616年4月23日进入剑桥大学西德尼·苏塞克斯学院(Sidney Sussex College),莎士比亚正好在这一天逝世。)，英国驻印度最后一位总督蒙巴顿勋爵(Lord Mountbatten)，印度第一任总理尼赫鲁，印度总理拉吉夫·甘地，新加坡总理李光耀等。 

诗人、剧作家及作家 

拜伦、丁尼生、威廉·华兹华斯[他在The Prelude(序曲)中写到了在剑桥的生活情况]、柯勒律治、约翰·弥尔顿、托马斯·格雷、埃德蒙·斯宾塞、罗伯特·赫里克、克里斯托弗·马娄、约翰·弗莱彻、弗朗西斯·培根、约翰·屈莱顿、查尔斯·金斯利、萨克雷、A.E.豪斯曼、A.A.米尔恩、鲁伯特·布鲁克、西格弗里德·萨松、E.M.福斯特、克利斯托弗·伊舍伍德、J.B.普里斯特利、C.P.斯诺(既是小说家又是物理学家)、西尔维亚·普拉斯、汤姆·夏普等。 

科学家和哲学家 

牛顿(剑桥曾流传着这样一句话：假如剑桥大学有史以来仅仅只培养出牛顿这一个学生，那也是值得的，因为，如果没有牛顿，人们所熟悉的20世纪就不会出现。)、威廉·哈维(血液循环发现者)、罗伊·卡尔恩及特伦斯·英格利希(外科移植专家)、查尔斯·达尔文、德西德里斯·伊莱斯莫斯(Desiderius Erasmus,改革者，把希腊文教学介绍到剑桥的人。据说，他对剑桥的生活颇有微词，抱怨剑桥的酒喝起来像醋，啤酒更糟糕！不过，他挺喜欢剑桥的女人，说剑桥的女人吻起来挺惬意(Nice to kiss)。)，卢瑟福勋爵(Lord Rutherford,20世纪30年代分离原子的带头人)、查尔斯·巴比基(Babbage,第一台计算机制造者),弗兰克·惠特尔(喷气式发动机发明者)、弗朗西斯·克里克及詹姆斯·沃森(解开DNA分子结构之谜)、马丁·赖尔(Martin Ryle，用射电天文学研究宇宙星系的先驱)、斯蒂芬·霍金、经济学家凯恩斯、逻辑学家伯特兰·罗素、哲学家维特根斯坦等。 

文艺、新闻界 

女演员埃玛·汤普森、作曲家拉尔夫·沃恩·威廉斯、男演员伊恩·麦凯伦(Ian Mckellen)、约翰·克里斯(Cleese)、彼德·库克、蒂姆·布鲁克-泰勒(Tim Brooke-Taylor)，播音员阿拉斯泰尔·库克(Alastair Cooke)、大卫·弗罗斯特、班巴·盖斯科恩(Bamber Gascoigne)、克莱夫·詹姆斯，记者凯瑟琳·怀特霍恩(Whitehorn)、琼·贝克韦尔(Bakewell)、杰梅恩·格瑞尔(Germaine Greer)等。 

体育界 

奥林匹克运动健将伯利及哈罗德·亚巴拉汉斯(Lord Burghley & Harold Abrahams)、国际橄榄球选手(剑桥大学已有300多名橄榄球选手获得了国家级比赛奖)米基·斯蒂尔-鲍吉尔(Micky Steele-Bodger)及罗布·安德鲁(Rob Andrew)(他们曾50多次为英格兰夺得桂冠)、国际及奥林匹克划浆能手爱德华·贝文(Beven)、詹姆斯·克劳顿(Crowden)、伊恩·沃森(Ian Watson)，板球明星杰克·霍布斯(Hobbs)、迈克·阿瑟顿(Atherton)、彼德·梅(Peter May)、迈克·布雷亚历(Brearley)、兰吉特·辛(Ranjit Singh)等。 

此外，还有伦敦交易所创办人、证券之父托马斯·格雷沙姆

7. 英国剑桥大学的历史有哪些

剑桥大学（University of Cambridge）成立于1209年，最早是由一批为躲避殴斗而从牛津大学（University of Oxford）逃离出来的老师建立的，亨利三世国王在1231年授予剑桥教学垄断权。剑桥大学和牛津大学齐名为英国的两所最优秀的大学，由于这两所古老的大学在办学模式等很多方面都很相似，故常被合称为“Oxbridge”（“牛剑”），90位诺贝尔奖得主出自此校（实际来此校工作或执教过的人数可能更多，有指超过100位。因为剑桥大学官方的数据是根据学生或教师是否为学院的成员（Membership/Fellowship）而定。另外，每个大学对计算这个数字的原则都有不同的定义，如：有些大学并不计算那些在得奖以后才到有关院校的人而有些大学则仍将其计算在内；有些亦不计算在校任教不足1年的教职员但其他的却仍视其为与该校有联系的得奖主。因此，不同网站（包括校方官网）所给的资讯都会有差别）。
剑桥大学位于伦敦北面50哩以外的剑桥镇。剑桥镇本身是一个拥有大约10万居民的英格兰小镇。这个小镇有一条河流穿过，称为“剑河”（River Cam 又译“康河”）。剑河是一条南北走向、曲折前行的小河，剑河两岸风景秀丽，芳草青青，河上架设着许多设计精巧，造型美观的桥梁，其中以数学桥、格蕾桥和叹息桥最为著名，剑桥之名由此而来。剑桥大学本身没有一个指定的校园，没有围墙，也没有校牌。绝大多数的学院、研究所、图书馆和实验室都建在剑桥镇的剑河两岸，以及镇内的不同地点。

8. 剑桥大学数学系的创始者是谁？

很难说谁是剑桥大学数学系的创始者，只能说Robert Recorde、Wallis、 Barrow、Newton及后来的数学家们逐渐创建并发展了现代意义上的数学，并形成了剑桥大学数学系。
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The History of Mathematics in Cambridge
Mathematics has been studied at Cambridge for a long time. The first figure of note is Robert Recorde (born about 1550) who is credited with the invention of the equality sign "=". He wrote several textbooks in the form of dialogues, but his last book ends with the author being arrested for debt. 

Those with less antiquarian interests start their history a century or so later with Wallis, Barrow and Newton. (All three luminaries had interesting non-mathematical careers. Wallis broke codes for the parliamentary side in the civil war. Barrow was noted for his strength and courage, and once when travelling in the East saved his ship by his own prowess from capture by pirates. Newton took a very public part in the university's quarrel with King James II.)

The spectacular success of Newton's work had the fortunate effect of establishing the prestige of mathematics in Britain and Cambridge and the unfortunate effect of blinding British mathematicians to progress in mathematics elsewhere. The parochial century that followed was not a very glorious period for Cambridge or British mathematics. However, it witnessed a slow but important change described in the next paragraph.

Over the years, the syllabus of the Medieval university had lost its relevance and the disputation by which it was examined became a mere formality. Sometime around 1725, a voluntary examination was instituted to help order the better students. At first, the examination was oral and consisted of questions on mathematics and some philosophy. Later, the candidates wrote their answers but the questions were dictated and finally, in around 1790, the questions were printed. Thus was born the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos, the grandparent of every university examination in the world.

The examinations were held in January in the Senate House — a building which happens to be a very beautiful one, with a marble floor and a highly ornamental ceiling; and as it is on the model of a Grecian temple, and as temples had no chimneys, and as a stove or fire of any kind might disfigure the building, we are obliged to take the weather as it happens to be. Sometimes the ink froze in the inkwells.

Since the Mathematical Tripos was the only way in which students could show intellectual prowess, it was taken by many who went on to achieve distinction in other areas. A suitable example, given our present address, is provided by Thomas Clarkson who helped lead the fight against the slave trade. Even when examinations in other subjects became available, the Mathematical Tripos continued to produce people like Keynes and Bertrand Russell who gained eminence in very different fields.

In the 1820s, a group of young mathematicians including Babbage (of the Analytical Engine) modernised the Tripos to take account of the work of continental mathematicians and the glory days of the examination began.

The details changed but, as described by Galton, the examination lasted five and a half hours a day for eight days. Those in the top class were (and still are) called Wranglers in an echo of the old system of disputation. The candidates were listed in order of marks with the top candidate being 'Senior Wrangler' the next 'Second Wrangler' and so on. In one list that Galton was allowed to consult, the Senior Wrangler got more than 7,500 marks, the lowest Wrangler got about 1,500 marks and the lowest candidate to get honours (obtaining 'the wooden spoon') got 300 marks. Although the owner of the wooden spoon had 100 people above him, he in turn outclassed 300 'poll men' who failed or, more usually, did not attempt to obtain honours. (Galton was a poll man.)

The Tripos became something of a national event with substantial betting on the outcome. When, in 1890, Miss Fawcett was placed 'above the Senior Wrangler' (i.e. beat all her male competitors) this, according to the Dictionary of National Biography, 'materially advanced the cause of higher education for women and naturally gave her mother the greatest satisfaction'.

It may be doubted that a system in which the best students spent three years training to solve problems against the clock represented the ideal way to teach mathematics. However, this system was the nursery for the great flowering of British physics in the 19th century. Its products included Maxwell (2nd Wrangler), Kelvin (2nd Wrangler), Stokes (Senior Wrangler) and Rayleigh (Senior Wrangler). On the pure side it produced Sylvester (2nd Wrangler) and Cayley (Senior Wrangler). Pearson, the father of modern statistics, was a 3rd Wrangler.

The 19th century Cambridge system concentrated on undergraduate teaching. Although good research was admired, it was not viewed as a professional duty and the university was not expected to provide support for it. A different view developed in France and then, still more strongly, in the great German universities. Over the course of the 20th century, Cambridge mathematics moved to align itself first with the German model of a research driven university and then with the successor model presented by the major (post 1950) US universities.

Landmarks in this process include the publication of Hardy's A Course of Pure Mathematics (still, as a glance at Amazon will show, a best seller after nearly a century) and the abolition of the order of merit in the Mathematical Tripos in 1909. Present day exams are hard but not ferocious.

Under the old system, the best placed Wranglers could take a further exam in some of the higher branches of mathematics for a Smith's prize. When Kelvin found an interesting result in three dimensional calculus, he communicated it to Stokes who set it as a question in the Smith's prize exam. It is now known as Stokes' theorem. The Smith's prize exam evolved into the present Part III, a one year postgraduate qualification taken by about 200 students from all over the world. From 1885, Smith's prizes (now supplemented by Rayleigh and Knight prizes) were given for an essay in mathematics instead. Today, this usually presents the student's own work after 4 terms of research. Past winners include Turing, Coxeter, Ingham, Hodge and Hoyle. 

Although a Faculty like that of the 1930's which included Dirac, G. I. Taylor, Sir Harold Jeffreys, Phillip Hall, Hardy, Littlewood and Mary Cartwright could hardly be faulted on the grounds of research, the supporting structure seems strange to modern eyes. The Faculty met from time to time to decide who should lecture on what, but there was no communal building and everyone worked in their own college.

In about 1960, the Faculty was finally organised into departments. These were housed in a very lightly converted old printing house and offices formerly owned by CUP and then awaiting demolition to make way for a new road. After 40 years, it became clear that, not only was the road never going to be built, but the growth of the Faculty had rendered the premises grossly overcrowded.

In an extraordinarily short time, enough money was raised to move both departments to splendid new buildings in the Centre for Mathematical Sciences (CMS) off Clarkson and Wilberforce Roads. (Wilberforce was another Cambridge anti-slavery campaigner.) Of the £61.4 million required for the whole building project, a total of £30.8 million, or 50%, came from private sources. Another £14 million came from public funds, and the rest from within Cambridge.

Over the last hundred years, the Faculty has grown slowly but steadily and has become more and more international in its staff and students. We hope and expect that these trends will continue. As a result of these and other factors, some of which were discussed above, Cambridge has come to resemble other great mathematical centres much more than it used to. We think, however, that it retains its commitment to teaching at the undergraduate and graduate level together with a certain mild eccentricity.

A search in the Mactutor archives for articles including the word 'Cambridge' will give a good idea of the mathematicians associated with Cambridge but does not include several important physicists. A search for articles including the word 'Wrangler' will give a good idea of the mathematicians who were undergraduates at Cambridge. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography web site can only be accessed by subscription but, if you can access it, a search for biographies including the word 'Wrangler' will reveal the place this distinction occupied in British life. (A search under 'Optime' gives some of those who attained honours at a lower standard.)